<x-app-layout>　は app¥View¥Components\AppLayout.phpファイルに対応

<?php
namespace App\View\Components;
use Illuminate\View\Component;
class AppLayout extends Component
{
    /**
     * Get the view / contents that represents the component.
     *
     * @return \Illuminate\View\View
     */
    public function render()
    {
        return view('layouts.app');
    }
}